一、用to do sth表目的
用不定式表目的是最简单也是最常用的方法,它既可以用于句末,也可用于句首,但比较而言,用于句首时,其强调意味较浓。如:
To avoid any delay please phone your order direct.
为免延误,请直接打电话预订。
To keep themselves awake they sat on the floor and told each other stories.
为了不至于睡着,他们坐在地板上轮流着讲故事。
不定式的否定式为not to do sth,而不是 to not do sth。如:
She had to struggle not to give in to a desire to laugh.
她极力控制自己不要笑出来。
Then there was the mad rush not to be late for school.
然后就是匆忙往学校赶,以免迟到。
二、用so as to do sth表目的
so as to do sth是to do sth的变体,意思是“以便”“为了”“为的是”等。用so as to do sth表示目的时,它通常用于句末。如:
I left a message so as to be sure of contacting her.
我留下了张条子以便与她取得联系。
表示目的的so as to do sth有时可放句首(但若so as to do sth是表示结果,则不可放在句首)。如:
So as to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took extra trouble over the figures.
为了向老板显示他是个工作非常细心的人,他在这些数字上费了比平常更多的力气。
so as to do sth的否定式是so as not to do sth,意思是“为了不……”“以免”。如:
We left in the daytime so as not to arouse suspicion.
我们在白天离开以免引起怀疑。
三、用in order to do sth表目的
in order to do sth也是to do sth的变体。用in order to do sth表示目的时,它既可以用于句末,也可用于句首,但比较而言,用于句首时,其强调意味较浓。如:
She arrived early in order to get a good seat.
她到得很早,图的是得个好座位。
in order to do sth的否定式是in order not to do sth,意思是“为了不……”“以免”。如:
Please reply at once in order not to lose this opportunity of a lower price.
请立即回复,以免失去这次低价的机会。
They must have worn gloves in order not to leave any fingerprints.
他们一定戴上了手套,以防留下指纹。
四、用so that表目的
so as to和so that均可表示目的,两者的区别是,前者引出不定式,后者用以引导目的状语从句。
与用so as to do sth表示目的的情形相似,so that引导的目的状语从句通常位于主句之后。如:
I will give him a key so that he can get into the house whenever he likes.
我会给他一把钥匙,好让他能随时进来。
I got here early so that we could have a few minutes alone together.
我到这儿早些是为了我们能单独在一起待几分钟。
有时可省略其中的that。如:
Leave the keys out so (that) I remember to take them with me.
把钥匙放在外面,好让我记得带。
so that 引导的目的状语从句有时还可置于主句之前(但是,若so that引导的从句是表示结果,则不可放在句首)。如:
So that I shouldn’t worry, he phoned me on arrival.
为了不让我担心,他一到就给我打了电话。
五、用in order that表目的
in order to和in order that均可表示目的,两者的区别是,前者引出不定式,后者用以引导目的状语从句。
与用in order to do sth表示目的的情形相似,in order that引导的目的状语从句可以位于主句之前或之后。如:
We arrived early in order that we could get good seats.
我们到得早,以便找到好座位。
六、用in case表目的
in case用于引导目的状语从句时,意思是“以防”“以免”。如:
He took his umbrella in case it should rain.
他带上了雨伞,以防下雨。
in case 引导的目的状语从句有时也可位于主句之前。如:
In case anyone was following me, I made an elaborate detour.
为了防止有人跟着我,我特地绕了弯路。
注:也有人认为这样用的in case 从句为原因状语从句,意思是“因为怕……”。比较:
I had a snack, just in case there was no time to eat later.
我吃了些点心,以防过会儿没有时间吃饭。(将in case译成“以防”,将之视为目的状语从句)
I had a snack, just in case there was no time to eat later.
我吃了些点心,因为怕过会儿没有时间吃饭。(将in case译成“因为怕”,将之视为原因状语从句)
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